This section of our website is under development, but please check back. Our country-level experts are developing profiles of the community corrections systems in their designated countries. They will be added here soon. In the interim, we suggest that you examine the probation system profiles for countries throughout Europe developed by CEP, which we included in our visual resource map, along with the articles we have included by consortium members, which can be found in the Selected Community Corrections articles by members tab.
Country-level Profiles of Community Corrections-Available Data
Community Corrections in the African Region
Kenya
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources
South Africa
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources
- Community Corrections in South Africa
- Victims' Participation in Parole Hearings - A South African Perspective (2021)
- Coronavirus in Institutional & Community Corrections in South Africa (2020)
- South African Dept. of Corrections Annual Report (2019-20)
- Parole Revocation in South Africa (2019)
- Thesis on Optimising Rehabilitation and Unit Management in the Department of Correctional Services in South Africa (2017)
- Assessment of the South African Parole System (2017)
- Correctional Supervision and Parole in South Africa (2015)
- Parole in South Africa (2011)
- The Parole Process from a South African Perspective Thesis (2008)
- Probation Services in South Africa - Institute for Security Studies (2008)
- Presentation on Community Supervision (Probation and Parole) in South Africa (2004)
- Community Corrections as an Alternative to Imprisonment in South Africa (2004)
- Chapter on Community Corrections in South Africa (2002)
Community Corrections in the Asian Region
China
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources
- An Evaluation of Recidivism in China's Community Corrections System (2023)
- The predictors of decisions to grant parole in China (2022)
- Community Corrections Under the Principal Sources of Sentencing Decisions in China (2020)
- On the Nature of Community Corrections (2020)
- Risk Assessment & Community Corrections (2019)
- Restorative Justice and Probation Decisions – An Analysis of Intentional Assault Cases in China (2018)
- Rhetoric and Practice of Community Corrections in China (2017)
- Community Corrections Programs in China – New Forms of Informal Punishments (2017)
- Public Support of Community Corrections in China (2015)
- China’s Community Corrections – An Actuarial Model of Punishment (2015)
- New Developments in Community-based Corrections in China (2014)
- Community Corrections in China (2014)
- Probation in Criminal Chinese Law (2009)
India
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources
- Community Sentencing in India: Remedies and Reforms (2022)
- Community Service as an Alternative Sanction in India (2021)
- Prison Statistics in India (2019)
- Community Sentencing in India (2019)
- Alternative Sanctions in Bangladesh and India (2018)
- Criminal Justice System in India (2013)
- Probation Services in India (1974)
- Law of Probation in India (1959)
Japan
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources
Malaysia
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources
Pakistan
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources
- Factors Affecting the Performance of Probation Officers in Punjab, Pakistan (2020)
- Juvenile, Probation and Criminal Procedure Law in Pakistan (2018)
- Corrections in Pakistan (2017)
- Female Probationers in Pakistan (2017)
- Effectiveness of Probation System and Rehabilitation in Pakistan (2015)
- Role of Probation Officers in Social Rehabilitation of Low Risk Offenders in Pakistan (2014)
- The History & Development of Probation Service in Pakistan (2013)
- Pakistani Criminal Justice System (2013)
- Pakistan's Probation & Parole System (2013)
- The Role of the Probation in Reintegrating Offenders in Pakistan (2009)
- Alternatives to Imprisonment for the Juveniles in Pakistan (2009)
- The Laws of Probation and Parole in Pakistan (2008)
Taiwan
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources
- Importation & Deprivation Models in Taiwan (2019)
- Taiwanese MOJ Annual Report (2019)
- Impact of Prison Adjustment on Female Offenders in Taiwan (2014)
- Parole Boards' Decision-Making in Taiwan (2014)
- Restorative Justice Programs in Taiwan (2013)
- Treatment Needs for Female Inmates in Taiwan (2013)
- Doing Time the Taiwanese Way (2012)
- An Empirical Investigation of the Parole Policy in Taiwan
- Correction Statistics (MOJ)
- Rehabilitation & Education in Taiwan
- A Second Chance for Young Offenders (1993)
Thailand
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources
- Diverting Juveniles into Rehabilitation in Thailand (2021)
- Probation in Thailand (2020)
- Electronic Monitoring in Thailand (2020)
- Electronic Monitoring as an Alternative Imprisonment for Women in Thailand (2017)
- Corrections in Thailand (2017)
- Community-Based Treatment in Thailand (2015)
- Restorative Justice in Thailand (2013)
- Crime & Punishment in Thailand (2013)
- Community Justice in Thailand (2011)
- Thai Criminal Justice System (2008)
- Thailand Department of Probation Report (2007)
- Department of Probation of the Thailand MOJ (2004)
- Thailand Ministry of Justice Website
Community Corrections in the Central American Region
El Salvador
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources
- Pre-trial Detention & Conditional Release in Latin America (2021)
- Tough-On-Crime Policies in El Salvador, Mexico, & Honduras (2020)
- Background on Crime Policies in El Salvador (2020)
- Alternative Means of Confronting Criminal Gangs in El Salvador (2019)
- Gang Truce as an Alternative to Violence in El Salvador (2016)
- Punitive Attitudes in Latin America (2009)
- Pretrial Detention, Human Rights, and Judicial Reform in Latin America (2002)
Mexico
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources
Community Corrections in the European Region
France
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources
Germany
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources
Italy
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources
Poland
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources
- Burnout Among Probation Officers in Poland (2021)
- Probation, Parole and Penitentiary Law in Poland (2020-21)
- Wrocław Model of Community Service in Poland (2020)
- SPACE-II Final Report: Persons Under the Supervision of Probation Agencies (2020)
- Protective Measures in Poland (2018)
- Role of Family Court and Probation Officers in Juvenile Delinquency in Poland (2018)
- Institutions of Probation (2016)
- Polish Probation Summary (2007)
- Probation in Poland (2007)
- National Fact Sheet: Community Based Sanctions in Poland
- Polish Report on Legal System
- Polish Ministry of Justice
- Structure of Polish Probation Service Slides MOJ (2005)
Russian Federation
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources
- Correctional Labor in Russia (2021)
- Problems of the Effectiveness of Suspended Sentence in Russia (2020)
- Parole in the Criminal Law of the Russian Federation (2020)
- Alternatives to Imprisonment in Russia (2020)
- Parole in Russia (2019)
- Alternative Sanctions in Russia (2013)
- Probation Services in Europe and the Russian Experience of Social Reintegration and Rehabilitation of Offenders (2012)
- The Russian Penal System (2002)
Spain
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources
- Offenders’ Narratives on Criminal Desistance While Serving a Prison Sentence (2021)
- Ministry of Interior's Statistical Report (2019)
- Good Practices for Parole in Spain (2019)
- Community Punishments in Spain: A Tale of Two Administrations (2016)
- (MOJ) Spain Criminal Code Book (2016)
- Benefits of Conditional Release in Spain (2016)
- Probation in Spain
- Suspended Sentences in Spain
- National Fact Sheet: Community Based Sanctions in Spain
- Organizational Structure of Spain's Justice System
- Data and Publications from the Spanish Ministry of Interior
United Kingdom: England & Wales
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources
- Probation in England & Wales (2021)
- Regional Reducing Reoffending Plans by Region (2021-2024)
- Effective Practice in Probation (2021)
- Probation Quarterly (June 2021 Edition)
- Probation Institute Annual Report (2020-21)
- (MOJ) Guide to Offender Management Statistics 2020
- The History & Development of Community Penalties in Britain (2012)
- Probation Statistics
- Probation Reform: Target Operation Model Report
- Ministry of Justice Corrections Statistics
- UK History of Probation
- 'Criminal Justice Matters' UK Probation
- Unification of Probation Services
- National Fact Sheet: Community Based Sanctions in England & Wales
Community Corrections in the Northern American Region
Canada
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources
United States
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources
- Probation & Parole in the United States (2021)
- The Role of Human Service Providers During Community Supervision (2021)
- Applying Procedural Justice in Community Supervision (2021)
- “Empathic Supervision” Intervention with Probation or Parole Officers in the U.S. (2021)
- Prison Policy Initiative: Diversion Programs Explained (2021)
- The Effect of Individual Characteristics and Supervision Experiences on the Perceived Quality of the Supervision Relationship (2021)
- Core Correctional Practices in Community Supervision- An Evaluation of a Policy Mandate to Increase Probation Officer Use of Skills (2021)
- Post-Sentencing Risk Assessment (2021)
- A System-Wide Implementation and Evaluation of the Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision (STICS) (2021)
- Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 34 U.S. States in 2012 (2021)
- Correctional Populations in the United States (2020)
- Effective Practices in Community Supervision Model (2020)
- Decarcerating Correctional Facilities During COVID-19 (2020)
- Community Supervision and Violent Offenders (2020)
- The Impact of a Community Supervision Officer Training Program on Client Outcomes (2020)
- Supervised Release is Not Parole (2020)
- Suspended Sentences and Free-Standing Probation Order in U.S. (2019)
- Probation and the Meaning of Recidivism (2019)
- Probation and Parole in the United States (2019)
- Racial Bias & Risk Assessment in Probation Sentencing and Outcomes (2019)
- Mental Health Risk Factors and Parole Decisions (2019)
- Understanding Sex Offender Community Supervision (2019)
- American Exceptionalism in Parole Release and Supervision A European Perspective (2018)
- Adult Probation Officer Attitudes Toward Evidence Based Practice in the U.S. (2018)
- Ending Mass Probation (2018)
- National Incarceration and Community Supervision Data (2000-2018)
- The Minnesota Probation and Pretrial Services Justice Model of Intervention, Disengagement, and Rehabilitation (2018)
- Supervision in the Community- Probation and Parole (2017)
- Probation in the United States- A Historical and Modern Perspective (2017)
- Trends In The Community Supervision Population Of The United States (2017)
- Community-Based and Family-Focused Alternatives to Incarceration (2017)
- The Future of Parole in America (2017)
- Evidence-based Treatment and Supervision Practices for Co-occurring Mental and Substance Use Disorders (2017)
- Mass Probation (2017)
- Role Differences Between Juvenile and Adult Probation Officers (2017)
- The Impact of Community Supervision Officer Occupational Stress on Supervision Orientation and Community Supervision Outcomes (2016)
- What Are the Costs and Benefits of Probation (2016)
- Performance Measures in Community Corrections- Measuring Effective Supervision Practices with Existing Agency Data (2016)
- Enhancing Community Supervision Through Dynamic Risk Assessment (2016)
- The Role of Probation and Parole Agencies in Reintegration in the U.S. (2016)
- GPS Monitoring Practices in Community Supervision and the Potential Impact of Advanced Analyticis (2016)
- Differential Probation Outcomes (2016)
- Philosophy and Practice of Probation and Supervised Release in the U.S. (2016)
- From Punishment to Treatment- The “Clinical Alternative to Punitive Segregation” (CAPS) Program (2016)
- The Unintended Effects of Penal Reform in the U.S. (2015)
- The Role of Probation Officers in the U.S. (2015)
- Evaluation of Enhanced Probation Program in the U.S. (2015)
- Ethnographic Assessment of an Alternative to Incarceration for Women with Minor Children (2015)
- Improving Parole Release in America (2015)
- A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of Community Supervision in the US (2015)
- Does Training and Coaching Matter? An 18-Month Evaluation of a Community Supervision Model (2015)
- Predictors of Community Supervision Failures Among Female Offenders (2014)
- From Mass Incarceration to Smart Decarceration (2014)
- American Exceptionalism in Parole Supervision (2013)
- Probation in the U.S. (1997)
Community Corrections in the Oceania Region
No Content
Community Corrections in the Southern American Region
Brazil
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources
- Electronic Monitoring in Brazilian Prisons during the COVID-19 Pandemic (2021)
- Work as Alternative Sentencing- Analysis of a Project Investigating Community Service Order in Brazil (2020)
- Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Restorative Justice in Brazil (2020)
- Harm Reduction in Brazilian Drug Laws (2020)
- Breakdown of Brazilian Offender Population: Closed, Semi-Open, Open, Provisional, Outpatient Treatment, & Other Safety Measures (Jan - June 2020)
- Breakdown of Brazilian Offenders Electronically Monitored (Jan - June 2020)
- Breakdown of Brazilian Offenders within Work Labor Programs (Jan - June 2020)
- Electronic Monitoring in Rio de Janeiro (2018)
- Human Rights and Criminal Justice in Brazil (2016)
- Sentencing Reform in Brazil (2014)
- Public Security, Criminal Policy and Sentencing in Brazil from 2003-2014
Chile
- Narrative Summary
- Data Summary
- Country-Specific Resources